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The Mongol (Tatar) invasions of the early 13th century decimated Kievan Rus. The interiors of many of these churches were ornately decorated with frescoes and icons. Sophia, which still stands in Kiev, Ukraine) and later in a distinctive Russian style (best preserved today in churches in and around the city of Vladimir, east of Moscow).

The early Slavic rulers expressed their religious piety and displayed their wealth through the construction of stone churches, at first in Byzantine style (such as the 11th-century Cathedral of St. The most important aspects of Kievan culture for the development of modern Russian culture, however, were not literary or folkloric but rather artistic and architectural. Evidence also exists (primarily in the form of church records of suppression) of a thriving popular culture based on pre-Christian traditions centring on harvest, marriage, birth, and death rituals. At least one great secular work was produced as well: the epic The Song of Igor’s Campaign, which dates from the late 12th century and describes a failed military expedition against the neighbouring Polovtsy. By the 11th century, however, monks were producing original works (on Byzantine models), primarily hagiographies, historical chronicles, and homilies. The earliest circulated literary works were translations from Greek into Old Church Slavonic (a South Slavic dialect that was, in this period, close enough to Old Russian to be understandable). Literacy was not widespread, and artistic composition was undertaken almost exclusively by monks. High culture in Kievan Rus was primarily ecclesiastical. From the 10th century, however, enough material has survived to provide a reasonably accurate portrait of Old Russian cultural life. The Kievan periodĪlthough many traces of the Slavic culture that existed in the territories of Kievan Rus survived beyond its Christianization (which occurred, according to The Russian Primary Chronicle, in 988), the cultural system that organized the lives of the early Slavs is far from being understood. Finally, in the modern period (since the 18th century), the cultural heritage of western Europe was added to the Russian melting pot. 14th–17th century), the Slavic and Byzantine cultural substrates were enriched and modified by Asiatic influences carried by the Mongol hordes. 10th–13th century), the borrowings were primarily from Eastern Orthodox Byzantine culture. Russia’s unique and vibrant culture developed, as did the country itself, from a complicated interplay of native Slavic cultural material and borrowings from a wide variety of foreign cultures.

Putin’s fourth term as president, novichok attacks, and military action against UkraineĬultural life The development of Russian culture.Consolidation of power, Syria, and campaign against the West.

Ethnic relations and Russia’s “near-abroad”.

The Gorbachev era: perestroika and glasnost.

The Civil War and War Communism (1918–21).

The reigns of Alexander I and Nicholas I.

Education and social change in the 18th century.

Government administration under Catherine.

The reign of Catherine II (the Great 1762–96).

The reign of Peter I (the Great 1689–1725).

Cultural life and the “Tatar influence”.

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UNITY OF COMMAND II GOG HOW TO

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